Nitro

Rosu-para
~~~~~~~~~
        Se obtine prin cuplarea p-nitro-anilinei diazotate cu b-naftol:

                                        OH
                       ____             |____
                     /      \\          //    \\\\
                O2N-<        >-N = N -<        >
                     \\ ____ /          \\ ____ /
                                         ----
                                       /      \\
                                      <        >
                                       \\\\____//

Este un colorant azoic de developare, coloranti ce sunt sintetizati direct pe
fibra in timpul vopsirii. Pentru vopsire, firele de bumbac se imbiba intr-o
solutie de b-naftol si dupa uscare se introduc intr-o solutie racita cu gheata
de p-nitro-anilina diazotata.
        Este un colorant rosu.

Nitratul de celuloza (Fulmicoton sau Piroxilina)

Obtinere
~~~~~~~~
Substante necesare:
        - 1 parte celuloza (Vata higroscopica)
        - 0,89 parti Acid azotic
        - 3,26 parti acid sulfuric
Amestecul acizilor se face pe o baie de gheata, mentinindu-se o temperatura
de ÷20øC (se toarna acid sulfuric peste acid azotic agitinduse continuu).
Dupa ce s-a pregatit solutia , se raceste complet cu gheata, dupa care se
adauga celuloza. Se ridica temperatura amestecului la 60-70 øC, si se
amesteca continutul cu ajutorul unei baghete de sticla. Dupa ÷10 minute se
scoate vata, se soala cu apa rece, se usuca pe hirtie de filtru si apoi intr-o
capsula de portelan asezata pe o baie de apa la fierbere.

Formula:
[C6H7O2-(ONO2)3]n

Formula:
[C6H7O2-(ONO2)3]n

Contine 13-13,6% azot, este o substanta exploziva, deoarece arde intr-un timp
foarte scurt si degaja o mare cantitate de gaze. Se foloseste ca exploziv de
mina.

Reactia are loc in prezenta de acid sulfuric ce are rolul deshidratarii:

                                        H2SO4  |        /  ONO2  |
              [C6H7O2(OH)3]n + 3n HONO2 -----> | C6H7O2 -- ONO2  |
                                               |        \\  ONO2  |n

Celuloza este continuta in firele de bumbac, in, cinepa in proportie de pina
la 95%.
Celuloza in stare pura se obtine prin tratarea firelor de bumbac cu o solutie
de KOH rezultind o masa ce contine ÷ 99,85%.

*Nota:
Peste trinitratul de celuloza se poate adauga un amestec de alcool si eter
(1:3), obtininduse o solutie coloidala, viscoasa, numita Colodiu. Masa
gelatinoasa care se obtine se comprima prin orificii de forme diferite , se
taie in parti de marimea necesara si se usca la aer cald. Produsul final
obtinut poarta denumirea de Pulbere fara fum (caracterizindu-se printr-o
putere de explozie mai mica decit trinitratul de celuloza).

ENG: Nitrocellulose.
Nitrocellulose (also: cellulose nitrate, flash paper) is a highly flammable compound formed by nitrating cellulose through, for example, exposure to nitric acid or another powerful nitrating agent. When used as a propellant or low-order explosive, it is also known as guncotton.

Guncotton

Henri Braconnot discovered in 1832 that nitric acid, when combined with starch or wood fibers, would produce a lightweight combustible explosive material which he named xyloïdine. A few years later in 1838 another French chemist Théophile-Jules Pelouze (teacher of Ascanio Sobrero and Alfred Nobel) treated paper and cardboard in the same way. He obtained a similar material he called nitramidine. Both of these substances were highly unstable, and were not practical explosives.

However, Christian Friedrich Schönbein, a German-Swiss chemist, discovered a more practical solution around 1846. As he was working in the kitchen of his home in Basle, he spilled a bottle of concentrated nitric acid on the kitchen table. He reached for the nearest cloth, a cotton apron, and wiped it up. He hung the apron on the stove door to dry, and as soon as it was dry there was a flash as the apron exploded. His preparation method was the first to be widely imitated — one part of fine cotton wool to be immersed in fifteen parts of an equal blend of sulfuric and nitric acids. After two minutes the cotton was removed and washed in cold water to set the esterification level and remove all acid residue. It was then slowly dried at a temperature below 100°C.

The process uses the nitric acid to convert the cellulose into cellulose nitrate and water:

2HNO3+ C6H10O5 → C6H8(NO2)2O5 + 2H2O

The sulfuric acid is present to prevent the water produced in the reaction from diluting the concentrated nitric acid.

The power of guncotton made it suitable for blasting. As a projectile driver, it has around six times the gas generation of an equal volume of black powder and produces less smoke and less heating. However the sensitivity of the material during production led the British, Prussians and French to discontinue manufacture within a year.

Further research indicated that the key was the very careful preparation of the cotton: unless it was very well cleaned and dried, it was liable to explode spontaneously. The British, led by Frederick Augustus Abel, also developed a much lengthier manufacturing process at the Waltham Abbey Royal Gunpowder Mills, patented in 1865, with the washing and drying times each extended to 48 hours and repeated eight times over. The acid mixture was also changed to two parts sulfuric acid to one part nitric.

Guncotton remained useful only for limited applications. For firearms, a more stable and slower burning mixture would be needed. Guncotton-like preparations were eventually prepared for this role, known at the time as smokeless powder.

Guncotton, dissolved at approximately 25% in acetone, forms a lacquer used in preliminary stages of wood finishing to develop a hard finish with a deep luster. It is normally the first coat applied, sanded, and followed by other coatings that bond to it..

Obtinere
~~~~~~~~
Se foloseste : - 1 parte glicerina
               - 2,05 parti Acid azotic
               - 3,19 parti Acid sulfuric
*Raporturile se refera la masa reactantilor

        Se amesteca acidul azotic cu acidul sulfuric cu mare atentie deoarece
se degaja caldura, concomitent se raceste amestecul respectiv intr-o baie de
gheata.
        Se adauga glicerina in proportii mici, agitinduse usor continutul. In
tot acest timp se continua racirea cu gheata.
        Dupa dizolvarea glicerinei se asteapta citeva minute ÷ 15 dupa care se
toarna un volum dublu de apa racita cu gheata, peste amestecul din reactia
anterioara (Apa se va adauga prin prelingere).
        La sfirsit se va agita usor amestecul, astfel, pe fundul vasului va
ramine nitroglicerina, sub forma unei substante uleioase.

Nota:
~~~~~
       - Pe tot timpul desfasurarii reactiei, temperatura amestecului
trebuie sa aiba in jur de 10øC, dar in nici un caz sa nu depaseasca 30øC.
       - Surplusul de apa se va elimina, raminind nitroglicerina pura.
       - Acidul sulfuric se adauga peste cel azotic, prin agitare continua
         si racire permanenta.

Reactia:
        CH2 - O - NO2     HONO2        CH2 - O - NO2
        |                              |
        CH  - O - NO2  +  HONO2  ----> CH  - O - NO2  +  3H2O
        |                              |
        CH2 - O - NO2     HONO2        CH2 - O - NO2

         (glicerina)      (Acid         (Trinitrat de
                          Azotic)         glicerina)

        Trinitratul de glicerina este un ester, si nu un nitroderivat, grupa
 -NO2 nefiind legata direct de atomul de C, ci prin intermediul unui atom de O.
Explodeaza usor prin zdruncinare sau lovire, fiind una din substantele
explozive cele mai puternice. Nestabilitatea se explica prin faptul ca in
molecula sa se gaseste o cantitate suficienta de atomi de oxigen cu care sa se
transforme cu atomi de Carbon in CO2 si cei de H in apa. Atomii de azot
prezinta o bariera intre cei de O si C insa la o usoara zdruncinare se
regrupeaza atomii, forminduse:
        CO2, H2O, N si o mare cantitate de caldura.
Conditia minima de explozie este satisfacuta de reactia in lant generata de o
singura regrupare.

ENG: Nitroglycerin.
Nitroglycerin (NG), also known as nitroglycerine, trinitroglycerin, and glyceryl trinitrate, is a chemical compound. It is a heavy, colorless, oily, explosive liquid obtained by nitrating glycerol. It is used in the manufacture of explosives, specifically dynamite, and as such is employed in the construction and demolition industries, and as a plasticizer in some solid propellants. It is also used medically as a vasodilator to treat heart conditions.
Preparation:
Nitroglycerin is prepared by nitration of glycerol (also known as glycerin). In the process, glycerin is slowly tipped into a mix of full concentration nitric acid and sulfuric acid (about 50% sulfuric acid, 40% nitric acid, and 5-10% glycerin). The mixed acid must be cooled to approximately room temperature before the glycerin is added because they will exotherm (heat up) greatly when combined. The solution is slowly stirred. A few seconds after mixing, the vessel must be immersed in a jacket of ice water to prevent the exothermic reaction from overheating it, causing nitric acid decomposition or even an explosion. The temperature should never exceed 10 °C (50 °F), but the chemicals must not be cooled by the ice water before mixing, or the nitrating reaction will not take place. If the reaction is successful, the nitroglycerin will form a slightly yellow or straw colored liquid which will float to the top of the acid mix. The mix is then carefully poured into a large container of water. The nitroglycerin will settle to the bottom (it is water insoluble) and should be neutralized with sodium carbonate and water mix until its pH becomes neutral. Another method of producing nitroglycerin is to mix the glycerin and sulfuric acid first, which produces heat, but at this stage is not dangerous. After cooling, the Nitric acid can be added reasonably quickly to the mix, but it can still cause uncontrolled nitration. It can also cause the acid to spurt back at you. Therefore it should be avoided and the nitration mixture should be added very slowly to the glycerol. The then nitrated glycerin and acid solution has to be left for the nitroglycerin to float to the top, as this method can sometimes produce the nitroglycerin in fine quantities. The waiting period is a day or less, but the prolonged exposure to the acids may cause the decomposition or even the explosion of the nitroglycerin, although the latter will only occur in large batches. If a milky colour is seen, it is only because of water in the mix, and not to be worried about. From this point, continue as above. This method was used in the time of Nobel, although it was not his own.